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earthstar

~ a celebration of nature

earthstar

Category Archives: nature

Leafmines: Phyllonocnistis unipunctella

28 Monday Jul 2025

Posted by sconzani in insects, nature, trees

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British leafmines, leaf-mining moth larvae, leaf-mining moths, leafmines on Poplar trees, Phyllonocnistis unipunctella

You could easily mistake the leafmines of the tiny moth Phyllonocnistis unipunctella for the dried trails of a snail after it had meandered around a leaf’s surface. This is due to the moth’s larvae mining just underneath the upper epidermis rather than more deeply within the leaf structure (and that can occur on the upper or lower surface of the leaf, though I’ve only found upper surface mines so far). The larvae also do not leave a trail of frass in the mine; I’ve not found any explanation for where that disappears to!

The fact that they mine so close to the leaf surface means the larvae are clearly visible within their mines, as you can see in my photos here. And, once they’ve munched as much leaf matter as necessary, they pupate in a silken membrane they create under the rolled down edge of the leaf, which you can also see in my images.

According to the British Leafminers website, Phyllonocnistis unipunctella uses three species of Populus as its larval plant: Black poplar (Populus nigra), Lombardy poplar (Populus x italica) and Black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa). The mines shown here are from Black and Lombardy poplars found in a local park. You can see the adult moth, a pale silvery creature with a single dot near its tail end (hence the epithet unipunctella), on the UK Moths website.

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Speckled woods on the wing

01 Tuesday Apr 2025

Posted by sconzani in insects, nature, spring

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British butterflies, butterfly, Speckled wood, spring butterflies, Spring colour, Wood argus

Sunday was a brilliant day for butterflies, with my first three Speckled woods of the year, each in a different location, all basking on hedgerows and flitting out to defend their territories as I passed by.

With its rich chocolately brown background colour mixed with small circular dollops of creamy yellow, it’s almost like a living crème egg … or is my imagination just being overly affected by the bombarding of pre-Easter advertisements?

My brilliant guide book, Life Cycles of British & Irish Butterflies, tells me that the Speckled wood was once called the Wood argus, the name Argus coming from the ‘many-eyed shepherd of Greek mythology’. That seems a very apt name for this beautiful creature.

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False puffball

28 Friday Mar 2025

Posted by sconzani in fungi, nature

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Enteridium lycoperdon, False puffball, Reticularia lycoperdon, slime, slime mould, slime mould on dead tree

It’s been a while since slime featured here but, as it’s Fungi Friday (yes, I know slime isn’t exactly a fungus) and I happened to spot some slime yesterday, slime it is for today’s post, folks.

This particularly slime doesn’t really look like your typical example, which is presumably why its common name is False puffball; its scientific name is Reticularia lycoperdon (also known as Enteridium lycoperdon). And I spotted it in rather an odd place, growing on a stump that must have been thrown up on to the outer Barrage rocks in Cardiff Bay during a particularly high tide. You can read more about these intriguing organisms and see examples of the various stages of their life cycle on the excellent NatureSpot website.

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Murmuration

26 Wednesday Feb 2025

Posted by sconzani in nature

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Tags

birding, birdwatching, Black-tailed godwit, British birds, Dunlin, Knot, large flock of flying birds, murmuration

When you hear or read the word murmuration, you probably think of Starlings and the incredible sight of thousands of those birds flying though the evening sky in perfect unison. But it isn’t only Starlings that execute such amazing aerial displays; many other species of bird perform similar feats of synchronised flying and, on Monday, I was privileged to see just such a spectacle.

As soon as I arrived at the Cardiff Bay Barrage, I saw a large flock of birds flying around the area outside the Barrage, on the edge of the Bristol Channel. Luckily for me, the birds settled on one of the mudflats and began feeding. In my almost ten years of living in the area, I had never seen so many waders doing this; they usually feed on mudflats north of Cardiff.

The flock must have been several hundred strong and consisted of three species of wader, Black-tailed godwit, Knot and Dunlin. For 45 minutes, I watched and listened to and photographed these stunning birds, sharing my delight and wonder with a man who was out walking his dog and who’d never seen anything like this sight in his many years of living locally.

Then, for some unknown reason, the Barrage operations staff opened more of the sluice gates that allow water in Cardiff Bay to flow out in to the Bristol Channel, creating a small wave that swiftly encroached on the area of mud where the flock was feeding, and eventually covering it completely. As the wave reached them, the birds took to the air, creating an ever expanding cloud of flying birds. As one, they flew around the outer Barrage area, looking for another place to land but there was nowhere. For perhaps ten minutes, they swirled high into the air, then back down towards the water, wheeling left and right in perfect harmony, before abandoning their search for more mudflats and heading northwards along the coast. It was a sublime aerial symphony that I will never forget.

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M is for martin

18 Wednesday Dec 2024

Posted by sconzani in nature

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There’s always something magical about seeing the first Swallows and Swifts, Sand and House martins arrive from their warmer southern over-wintering locations – it feels like the promise of warmer weather and our northern summer is flowing along with them. I reported on the arrival of the first House martins in early April (Another new arrival, 11 April) (and you were treated [?] to one of the bird drawings I’ve struggled to produce during my self-imposed 2024 drawing challenge), and a couple of days later I wrote about the Sand martins I’d been watching as they began collecting nesting materials (Sand martin magic, 13 April). Several times that month I returned to watch the Sand martins as they went busily about their nesting preparations – the photo below was taken on one of those occasions, on the Cardiff Bay Barrage on 23 April.

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Fly: Anomoia purmunda

28 Saturday Sep 2024

Posted by sconzani in insects, nature

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Anomoia purmunda, British flies, British fruit flies, fruit fly, fruit fly on Hawthorn

I see tiny fruit flies, little wing-wagglers, quite often. In fact, for some reason, on warm summer days when I’m wearing a tshirt, they frequently come and sit on my arms (drawn by the coconut scent of my moisturiser perhaps, or maybe to lick my salty skin?). However, during a recent walk, when I spotted this little fruit fly sitting on a leaf, I knew immediately that it was a different species as the markings on its wings were quite different.

240928 Anomoia purmunda (1)

It was tricky to photograph as it constantly flashed its wings at me, but I managed a few reasonable close-ups. And, though I often have trouble identifying flies, with the two red stripes across its green eyes and those distinctive wing patterns, this one proved much easier. Say hello to Anomoia purmunda, a fruit fly that can often be found around Hawthorn as its larvae feed inside Hawthorn berries.

240928 Anomoia purmunda (2)

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Wren in the umbellifers

24 Saturday Aug 2024

Posted by sconzani in birds, nature

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birding, birdwatching, British birds, wren, Wren foraging in umbelliefers

A loud, repetitive, staccato tick-tick-ticking comes from low down in the jumble of grasses and bindweed at the base of a large unruly stand of umbellifers.

240824 wren (3)

Then, like a jack-in-the-box, up pops this little Wren to perch on the stems, legs apart and staring, with attitude, at the human who stares back.

240824 wren (2)

After a few moments, judging the silent human to be no imminent threat, the tiny bird with the big voice goes on about its business of foraging for succulent titbits. And what an absolute joy it is to watch!

240824 wren (1)

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First Blackthorn blossom

12 Monday Feb 2024

Posted by sconzani in nature

≈ 7 Comments

Tags

blackthorn, Blackthorn blossom, Sloe, Sloe blossom, tree blossom

Wouldn’t you know it? After finishing yesterday’s post about wildflowers and trees currently in bloom, I went for a walk and found several Blackthorn / Sloe bushes / trees in flower. They’ve probably been flowering for a week or more but I hadn’t walked the path they were growing along – a reminder to keep mixing up my walking routes. What blossom have you seen in your area?

240212 blackthorn

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My, what long legs you have

08 Thursday Feb 2024

Posted by sconzani in insects, nature, winter

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British craneflies, cranefly, Tipula pagana, winter insects

This little critter was hanging on to a house wall I passed yesterday. I’m fairly sure it’s a cranefly species and it might be Tipula pagana. However, although I’ve lightened it a lot, my photo doesn’t show the identifying features well enough and, according to what I’ve read, it shouldn’t be out and about at this time of year. It was certainly nice to see an insect at last, as, understandably, they are all hiding away at the moment.

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First butterfly of 2024

23 Tuesday Jan 2024

Posted by sconzani in nature

≈ 3 Comments

Tags

British butterflies, butterfly, first butterfly of the year, Red Admiral

I was sitting in a train carriage heading home, paused just outside of Cardiff Queen Street Station because of a points failure, gazing idly out of the window when, to my utter amazement, there came a fluttering of black and red on the other side of the glass – a Red admiral! It was a cold day but, in sheltered spots, the sun was quite warm – warm enough, obviously, to have roused this brave creature from its winter slumbers. The Red admiral was the last butterfly I saw in 2023, on 20 November, and is now the first seen in 2024, on 18 January. I was too slow, and the train began to move forward, so I didn’t get a photo of this first sighting – the image below is from one my last sightings last year.

240123 red admiral 231023

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About me

sconzani

sconzani

I'm a writer and photographer; researcher and blogger; birder and nature lover; countryside rambler and city strider; volunteer and biodiversity recorder.

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