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~ a celebration of nature

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Category Archives: plants

Wild word: viviparity

03 Wednesday Jan 2024

Posted by sconzani in plants, wildflowers

≈ 4 Comments

Tags

British wildflowers, seeds germinating on seedhead, Teasel, Teasel seedhead, viviparity, viviparous

Viviparity: noun; (of seeds) germinating before separating from the parent plant (from the Latin words vīvus, meaning alive, and parere, meaning to bring forth) (the adjective is viviparous), (Collins Concise Dictionary).

240103 viviparity

I’d seen a couple of photographic examples of viviparity on Twitter but had never seen this myself until a walk at Cosmeston Lakes Country Park on 28 December. The tiny green shoots on this Teasel are its own seeds which, for some reason, have not been released from the seed head and have now begun to sprout.

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L is for leafminers

17 Sunday Dec 2023

Posted by sconzani in insects, leaves, plants, trees

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British leafminers, leaf-mining fly larvae, leaf-mining moth larvae, leafminers, leafmines, leafmines on plants, leafmines on trees

As a result of standing staring for hours at leaves, I’ve found lots and lots of lovely new-to-me leafminers this year. Here’s a summary of those I’ve blogged about:

On 13 February, Leafmines: Phyllonorycter ulicicolella covered the tricky-to-find mines of tiny moth larvae on gorse. In Leafmines: Eriocrania unimaculella, 22 May, the larvae of a different moth were mining Birch leaves, and, on 26 June, Leafmines: Mompha terminella, featured more moth larvae mines, this time on Enchanter’s nightshade. In October the moth miners were munching on Hawthorn leaves (Leafmines: Bucculatrix bechsteinella, 2 October) and on Blackthorn (Leafmines: Lyonetia prunifoliella, 9 October). The only new non-moth miner of the year was a fly whose larvae were found mining the leaves of Alder (Leafmines: Agromyza alnivora, 16 October) and, later in October, we were back to moth miners, with Hawthorn once again the plant of choice (Leafmines: Phyllonorycter corylifoliella, 23 October). In November, a willow moth miner I’d mentioned once before in passing starred in its very own blog (Leafmines: Phyllonorycter viminiella, 20 November) and, a week later, on 27 November, another moth larva was found on the leaves of a rose species (Leafmines: Stigmella anomalella). The final leafminer find of 2023 was yet another moth, this time devouring the leaves of Wild privet (Leafmines: Gracillaria syringella, 4 December).

231217 leafmines

I’ve already referenced the three case-bearing moth larvae leafminers in an earlier countdown blog (C is for Coleophora) but, just for completeness, I’ll also link to them here: Leafmines: Coleophora lutipennella on 1 May, Leafmines: Coleophora serratella on 15 May, and Leafmines: Coleophora gryphipennella on 13 November.

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K is for Knopper

16 Saturday Dec 2023

Posted by sconzani in insects, plants, trees

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British galls, bug galls, galls, galls on Ash, galls on Hazel, galls on oak trees, galls on Poplar, galls on willow, galls on Yew, Knopper gall, midge galls, mite galls, wasp galls

This is really a review of the galls I’ve found this year but the letter G simply had to be about my first ever confirmed Goshawk sighting, so K is for Knopper is my alternative lead in.

231216 Knopper Andricus quercuscalicis

Knopper galls, like the one shown above, did feature in one post this year, Acorns and galls on 1 October, but there were many other galls, most of which were new finds for me. February saw the year off to a good start with galls on Yew trees caused by a tiny midge (Galls: Taxomyia taxi, 9 February) and galls on Hazel caused by an equally tiny mite (Galls: Phytoptus avellanae, 20 February). In June, it was a small bug that was creating eye-catching galls on the leaves of an Ash tree (Galls: Psyllopsis fraxini, 12 June), and, in July, aphids were the gall causers on a Poplar tree (Galls: Pemphigus spyrothecae, 17 July). In that October blog Acorns and galls I mentioned above, as well as the knoppers, another tiny wasp had caused artichoke galls to form on the same Oak tree. And, a couple of weeks later, I found my final new galls for the year, those caused by midges on Willow trees (Galls: Rabdophaga rosaria, 17 October). All in all, 2023 was quite a galling year!

231216 mixed galls

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Leafmines: Gracillaria syringella

04 Monday Dec 2023

Posted by sconzani in insects, plants

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British leafmines, Gracillaria syringella, leafmines, leafmines on privet, leafmining moth larvae, Ligustrum vulgare

These finds date from early November but it’s taken a while to get their identity confirmed. These are the larval leafmines of the gorgeous little moth Gracillaria syringella, shown here on Wild privet (Ligustrum vulgare) though they can also be found mining the leaves of Lilac species (Syringa, hence the epithet in their scientific name), Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and Jasmine (Jasminum sp.).

231204 Gracillaria syringella (1)

Once hatched from their eggs, the larvae initially feed within a gallery mine (difficult to see in my images so I’ve marked them with a red arrow), then broaden their horizons into a large blotch. My finds were late in the year – the mines of Gracillaria syringella can usually be found in June and then again during August-September.

231204 Gracillaria syringella (2)

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Leafmines: Stigmella anomalella

27 Monday Nov 2023

Posted by sconzani in insects, leaves, plants

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British leafminers, Dog rose, leaf-mining moth larvae, leaf-mining moths, leafminers, moth leafmines on Dog rose, Stigmella anomalella

This particular Dog rose (Rosa canina) was generous with its leafminers. Not only did I see the feeding signs and case-bearing larva of Coleophora gryphipennella (see my 13 November blog post) but I also found my first leafmines of Stigmella anomalella, also known appropriately enough as the Rose leaf miner (there are photos of the adult moth on the UK Moths website).

231127 Stigmella anomalella

As you can see, the larvae create long meandering galleries that are initially narrow and completely filled with frass, then later widen to show clear space on either side of the line of frass. The British Leafminers website notes that the gallery often ‘crosses back over itself’ as my image shows – well, actually, it’s crossing back under itself, but you get the idea. I was also lucky to spot larvae in mines on two of the leaves I looked at. These mines can be found around July and then again between October and December, so check out those Dog rose leaves before they all fall.

231127 Stigmella anomalella (2)

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Hop trefoil

19 Sunday Nov 2023

Posted by sconzani in flowers, plants, wildflowers

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British wildflowers, Hop trefoil, Trifolium campestre

At first I hesitated to name this Hop trefoil (Trifolium campestre) as it’s a new plant for me but, when I posted some photos online, I got a thumbs up from a botanist and, looking at the ID guidance on the Naturespot website, I think it meets the criteria:

231119 Hop trefoil (1)

Short, hairy, erect plant. Trifoliate, leaflets oval, narrowed towards the base, the central one short stalked. Flowers pale yellow, becoming pale brown eventually, 4 to 5 mm long in small, globose, stalked heads to 15 mm across

And

… Larger and paler than Lesser Hop-trefoil, and turns brownish with age. Both trefoils are similar to Black Medick in flower, but Black Medick leaves are much more hairy and have an apiculate point (i.e a short fine ‘needle’ from the end of the leaflet)

231119 Hop trefoil (2)

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Leaf grazers: Carcina quercana

06 Monday Nov 2023

Posted by sconzani in insects, plants, trees

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British moths, Carcina quarcana, leaf-grazing moth larvae, moth larvae on Blackthorn, moth larvae on Bramble, moth larvae on Buckthorn, moth larval foodplants

I found these first on Blackthorn when looking for leafminers but couldn’t find any examples on the British Leafminers website, so I posted photos on Twitter and asked my ecologically minded followers ‘what’s this?’.

231106 Carcina quercana on blackthorn

The response was almost instant: ‘Carcina quercana does that on several trees. The silk tube is always against the midrib or a vein and they venture out to graze from there’.

231106 carcina quercana on bramble

Carcina quercana is a lovely little moth and the little silken tubes are created by its larvae. The UK Moths website says ‘The foodplants are various deciduous trees, including oak (Quercus) [hence the quercana, in its name] and beech (Fagus)’, but, as my examples here show, the larvae don’t seem too fussy about what they eat. My photos here, showing both the upper and lower sides of the leaves, are on Blackthorn, Bramble, and Buckthorn.

231106 carcina quercana on buckthorn (1)

And why did I not find this species on the British Leafminers website? Well, strictly speaking, it’s not a miner – the larvae graze on the underside of the leaf when they venture out from their protective silken homes. You might just be able to spot the larva in the photo below.

231106 carcina quercana on buckthorn (2)

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Beautiful berries

22 Sunday Oct 2023

Posted by sconzani in autumn, plants, trees

≈ 2 Comments

Tags

autumn berries, autumn colour, autumn fruit, berries, fruits

I hate when this happens: I had a free Microsoft video editor that was easy to use but, for reasons known only to themselves, Microsoft have deleted it and introduced new software which is totally incomprehensible to me. So, I made a video of my berry (and other fruit) images but with no title card and no captions, and no time to spend trying to figure out how easily to add them.
So, from the local fields and hedgerows, here are: Black bryony; Blackthorn; Bramble; Buckthorn; two types of Cotoneaster which, I think, are C. horizontalis and C. luteus; Dewberry; Field rose; Guelder-rose; Hawthorn; Ivy (not yet ripe); Japanese rose; Privet; Snowberry; Spindle (not really a berry/fruit but rather a case for the seeds within, but I love their colour); Stinking iris; Whitebeam; and Yew.

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An aster, but which?

08 Sunday Oct 2023

Posted by sconzani in plants, wildflowers

≈ 2 Comments

Tags

Aster species, British wildflowers, Sea aster, Tripolium pannonicum

When I spotted these plants during a walk to a new place last week, I thought perhaps they were Sea asters (Tripolium pannonicum) and, indeed, they might be, but I’ve since heard how frequently other species of Aster self-seed on waste ground, which has cast doubt on my identification. These were growing in rough ground near a very busy road but quite close to the banks of a tidal creek. I’m going to have to ‘phone a friend’ but, in the meantime, if you’re familiar with Sea aster, please do venture an opinion in the comments.

231008 sea aster

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A Cladius on rose

06 Friday Oct 2023

Posted by sconzani in insects, plants

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Tags

British sawflies, sawfly larvae, sawfly larvae on rose, sawfly on Field rose

Another day, another Cladius sawfly – actually, this time, 6 sawfly larvae, all munching away on the leaves of a Field rose. I was hoping their identification would be as easy as yesterday’s Cladius ulmi, with its distinctive black-spotted face, but no!

231006 Cladius on rose (1)

This time my expert confirmed it was definitely a Cladius species and that my guess of Cladius pectinicornis was the most likely but C. pilicornis and C. compressicornis also use rose as their larval plant of choice. When I consulted The Sawflies (Symphyta) of Britain and Ireland website I found for C. pilicornis that the only larva shown on the website had a broad dark stripe down its back and the text said the larvae associated with Hawthorn, not rose, so that seemed unlikely. However, when I checked C. compressicornis, it did look to be a likely contender, with features and larval plants very similar to C. pectinicornis.

231006 Cladius on rose (2)

So, once again I have to concede that I can’t put an exact name to these very cute little sawfly larvae, but I certainly enjoyed watching them. When much in the world around us seems maddening and/or depressing, I find there’s something very calming about watching caterpillars eating and gliding about.

231006 Cladius on rose (3)

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About me

sconzani

sconzani

I'm a writer and photographer; researcher and blogger; birder and nature lover; countryside rambler and city strider; volunteer and biodiversity recorder.

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