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Category Archives: trees

Leafmines: Cameraria ochridella

05 Monday Aug 2024

Posted by sconzani in insects, trees

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British moths, Cameraria ochridella, Horse chestnut leaf-mining moth, Horse chestnut leafminer, Horse chestnut tree, leaf-mining moth larvae

As it’s very common, I’m sure you’ve all seen this damage on the leaves of Horse chestnut trees. These are leafmines, made by the larvae of the Horse chestnut leafminer (Cameraria ochridella) (see my blog Horse chestnut leafminer, 18 July 2018).

240805 Cameraria ochridella (1)

Until last Friday, I’d only ever seen the leafmines, never the adult moth. But, as I walked past this particular Horse chestnut tree, lots of tiny creatures were flitting around its lower leaves. At first, I wasn’t sure what the creatures were – they looked like little flies. Then one of them landed on a leaf in front of me and I managed to get a closer look – a moth, not a fly, and very prettily marked too.

240805 Cameraria ochridella (2)

I must have stood watching for 15 minutes or more, waiting for a moth to settle and snapping a few quick photos before it zipped off … and again … and again. It was a good test of my patience, and I’m really glad I was in the right place at the right time to see these beautiful moths.

240805 Cameraria ochridella (3)

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New location for Purple hairstreak

30 Tuesday Jul 2024

Posted by sconzani in insects, trees

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British butterflies, butterfly, butterfly on Oak, hairstreak butterflies, Heath Park, Oak, Purple hairstreak

Since I discovered a Purple hairstreak, a couple of years ago, at Cosmeston Lakes Country Park, where they’d never been recorded before, I’ve been convinced that these gorgeous little butterflies are more common than most people realise. It’s just that, because they’re very small and spend most of their time high up in the tops of Oak trees, nobody notices them. So, being an habitual leaf-starer anyway, I now spend 10-15 minutes at this time of year staring at Oak trees, just in case. Last week, my leaf-staring paid off once again, when I was exploring Cardiff’s Heath Park. There are lots of large old Oaks in the park so it seemed a likely location, despite there being no recorded sightings. And this was my reward – even better than I expected, as it fluttered down from the top of the tree to a lower branch and posed nicely while I got some photos.

240730 purple hairstreak

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Leafmines: Heterarthrus vagans

29 Monday Jul 2024

Posted by sconzani in insects, trees

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Alder, British leafminers, Heterarthrus vagans, leaf-mining sawfly larvae, leafmines on Alder, sawfly larva

Another Monday, another leafmine. I noticed this one while checking out Alder leaves to see what small creatures had been munching holes in their leaves (more on those later this week). This blotch mine was made by the larva of sawfly Heterarthrus vagans (you can see what the adult sawfly looks like on the Sawflies website here).

240729 Heterarthrus vagans (1)

I thought initially this might have been the larva of sawfly Fenusa dohrnii – I was right about it being a sawfly but had the species wrong. Fortunately, I had held the leaf up to the light to get a slightly clearer photo of the larva within as, from looking at that, British Leafminers expert Rob was able to tell me: ‘It has a black “bow tie” … so is a Heterarthrus and as it is Alder it is Heterarthrus vagans‘. Who knew sawfly larvae wore bow ties? But it seems all the Heterarthrus species larvae have them. Very smart!

240729 Heterarthrus vagans (2)

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Leafmines: Coleophora siccifolia

22 Monday Jul 2024

Posted by sconzani in insects, trees

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British moths, Coleophora mining Hawthorn, Coleophora siccifolia, Hawthorn, leaf-mining moth larvae, leafmines on Hawthorn

As often happens, my search for these leafmines was inspired by a post on Twitter/X. In this instance, George, a locally based senior ecologist with Butterfly Conservation, posted that he had found, for the first time in Glamorgan, the larval cases of the tiny moth Coleophora siccifolia. The find site was on a part of the south Wales coastal path within bus-and-walking distance from home so, on the next fine day, off I set.

240722 Coleophora siccifolia (1)

Searching the leaves of Hawthorn, I found lots of evidence where Coleophora larvae had been feeding. As they live in cases, there’s usually a tiny hole where the larva has parked its case and poked its head and part of its body inside the layers of the leaf to feed, thus creating a distinctive blotch (as you can see in the photograph above).

240722 Coleophora siccifolia (2)

As the British leafminers website relates, the larvae also mine the leaves of Apple, Rowan and Birch, and the cases they create from bits of leaves are quite distinctive. George had found several cases but I only managed to find one, and that one was empty. Still, now that we know Coleophora siccifolia can be found locally, I’ll keep on looking for more.

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Leafmines: Scolioneura betuleti

24 Monday Jun 2024

Posted by sconzani in insects, leaves, trees

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British leafminers, British sawflies, leaf-mining sawfly larvae, leafminers on Birch, sawfly larvae on Birch

Staring at the leaves of young Birch trees paid off once again when I recently spotted these large blotches.

240624 Scolioneura betuleti (2)

They were made by the larvae of Scolioneura betuleti, a small black sawfly – you can see a photo of the adult on The Sawflies of Britain and Ireland website. The larvae are active in early summer and again in the autumn – the British Leafminers website has images of the distinctive larvae.

240624 Scolioneura betuleti (1)

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Leafmines: Agromyza albitarsis

17 Monday Jun 2024

Posted by sconzani in insects, trees

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Agromyza albitarsis, British leafmines, leaf-mining fly larvae, leafmine, leafmine on White poplar, White poplar

I hadn’t found any new leafminers for a while so was delighted recently to find two within five minutes of each other. These two mines were the first I spotted, here on the leaves of White poplar (Populus alba), though they can also be found on other Poplar (Populus) and Willow (Salix) species.

240617 agromyza albitarsis

These are the larval mines of the little fly Agromyza albitarsis – you can see what the adult fly looks like by clicking on the ‘images’ tab on the National Agromyzidae Recording Scheme website. I couldn’t actually count how many larvae were present in these mines but have read that they often feed communally, forming large green blotches that eventually turns a dark brown-black colour.

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Galls: Taphrina pruni

28 Tuesday May 2024

Posted by sconzani in fungi, trees

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Bladder plum gall, British galls, gall caused by fungal pathogen, gall on Blackthorn, gall on plum tree, Pocket plum gall, Taphrina pruni

I’ve looked for these galls for some time, and, like that saying about buses (‘you wait ages for one, then two come along at the same time’), I’ve now seen them twice in the past couple of days.

240528 taphrina pruni (1)

Though you’d be forgiven for not recognising them, these are the fruit of the Blackthorn or Sloe (Prunus spinosa) but they have been attacked by a fungal pathogen. That pathogen changes the shape and the colour of the fruit and, if you were to split one open (which I did), you would find that there is no stone inside (or, rather, there is a miniscule speck of brown matter that would have developed in to a stone). The gall is sometimes referred to the Pocket or Bladder plum gall and can also affect domestic plum trees.

240528 taphrina pruni (2)

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Leafmines: Orchestes quercus

27 Monday May 2024

Posted by sconzani in insects, trees

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British leafmines, leafmine on Oak, leafmining weevil, oak tree, Orchestes quercus, weevil leafmines

During a wander along the woodland rides of Casehill Woods last Saturday, I spent some time checking Oak leaves for whatever creatures might be living amongst them. One of my finds was this leafmine, a new one for me, made not by a moth or a fly as most leafmines are, but by a weevil.

240527 Orchestes quercus (1)

A female Orchestes quercus weevil laid her egg in the central rib of the leaf (you can see the scar in the photo on the right, below). Once hatched, the larva munched its way down the side of the leaf rib, creating a thin gallery in the epidermis, before its more voracious feeding as it grew created a large blotch mine at the tip of the leaf.

240527 Orchestes quercus (2)

The UK Beetles website has a photo of the adult weevil, a tiny brown hairy creature around 3mm long. Although I searched for any weevils amongst the Oak leaves (I also found the larval mines of another weevil, Orchestes hortorum, formerly O. signifier), I found none.

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Leafminers: Eriocrania sangii

13 Monday May 2024

Posted by sconzani in insects, trees

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Birch, British leafminers, British moths, Eriocrania sangii, leaf-mining moth larvae, leafmine on Birch

Last week I covered Eriocrania semipurpurella; this week’s leafminer is the second of the eight British Eriocraniidae moth species I’ve now found mining the leaves of Birch trees.

240513 Eriocrania sangii (1)

This dark grey larva (the colour makes this the easiest of the family to identify) will eventually develop into the moth Eriocrania sangii, which looks to be a very pretty sparkly purple if the image on the UK Moths website is true to life.

240513 Eriocrania sangii (2)

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Leafminers: Eriocrania semipurpurella

06 Monday May 2024

Posted by sconzani in insects, trees

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British leafminers, British moths, Eriocrania semipurpurella, Eriocraniidae, leaf-mining moth larvae, leafmine on Birch

There are eight Eriocraniidae species of moth in Britain, the larvae of which can all be found mining the leaves of Birch trees at this time of year. And this means that, whenever I’m out walking and pass a Birch tree, I have to stop and stare at its leaves, looking for the signs of leaf mining. This is the first one I’ve found, Eriocrania semipurpurella, and it’s the biggest and most common of the Eriocraniidae. You can see what the adult moth looks like on the UK Moths website here.

240506 Eriocrania semipurpurella (1)

The entry on the British Leafminers website explains: ‘The mine starts at or near the leaf edge and then widens into a blotch. The young larva has a dark head and sclerotizations on the prothorax (as shown) [click the link to see the images]. As the larva matures it loses these dark markings….’ I am still finding these mines tricky to differentiate – the British Leafminers site has a page of images that is a good starting point, and I’m lucky to have contact with one of the site managers, Rob Edmunds, so can easily get my finds checked.

240506 Eriocrania semipurpurella (2)

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sconzani

sconzani

I'm a writer and photographer; researcher and blogger; birder and nature lover; countryside rambler and city strider; volunteer and biodiversity recorder.

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